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Andean Basins: Advances in the Geological Understanding of Fold-and-Thrust Belts of the Andes

Occurred Thursday, 20 August – Friday, 21 August 2020, 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. | Virtual Research Symposium via Zoom (Bogota, Colombia time)

Thursday, 20 August

Session I: Structural Geology and Tectonics Convener: Freddy Corredor GeoStrAp
08:00-08:15	Welcome and Introductions Elvira Pureza Gómez, AAPG Latin America and Caribbean Region President, CNOOC International Juan Pablo Lovecchio, AAPG Latin America and Caribbean Region Secretary/Treasurer, YPF Ana Maria Goncalves, AAPG Latin America and Caribbean Region Delegate, YPFB Chaco
08:15-09:00	Keynote Address: Mantle Removal, Crustal Delamination and Thrust Belts in the Central Andes Victor Ramos, Universidad de Buenos Aires
09:00-09:30	Evidence of Late Cenozoic Contractional and Strike-Slip Deformation in the Transition Between Puna and Frontal Cordillera in Valle Ancho Area (27°30’S) Fabian Wagner (presenter), Universidad Mayor (Chile); Rodrigo Quiroga, Grupo Tectónica, IANIGLA, CCT Mendoza (Argentina); Matías Peña, Universidad Mayor, Universidad de Chile; Guillermo Fuentes, Universidad Santo Tomas (Chile)
09:30-10:00	The Inner Forearc of the Central Andes (21º-23ºS): Structural Styles, Age of Uplift and its Relation with Basement Weakness Zones Fernando Martínez (presenter), Cristopher López, Rodrigo González, Belén Muñoz, Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile); Mauricio Parra, University of São Paulo (Brazil)
10:00-10:30	Structural Style, Evolution and Along Strike Variations in the Western Andean Mountain Front (20°30’-21°15’S) Guillermo Fuentes (presenter), Universidad Santo Tomás, Incaic Exploration; Rodrigo Muñoz, Taypi Geohidroconsultores Limitada; Sebastián Perroud, Incaic Exploration, Universidad de Chile; Fernando Martínez, Universidad Católica del Norte; Walter Garrido, Universidad Santo Tomás, Incaic Exploration
10:30-10:45	Break
10:45-11:15	Structural Analysis of Bororigua and Suaruro Ranges – Margarita Gas Field and Boyuy Discovery, and Integration Into a Regional Cross-Section: Bolivia Subandean Zone Willy Gil (presenter), Gonzalo Zamora, Daniel Peña, Massimo Bonora, Oliver de Mena, Repsol
11:15-11:45	Devonian Fracture Reservoir Play Classification After Ultra-Deep Exploration in the Southern Subandean Belt of Bolivia Tomas Zapata (presenter), Sergio Sarmiento, Melanie Louterbach, Daniel Peña, Judith Vila, Massimo Bonora, Victor Hugo Goitia, Camilo Restrepo, Repsol
11:45-12:15	The Soapaga Fault Trishear Related Deformation: A Restoration of the Betéitiva Syncline in the Eastern Flank of the Floresta Massif – Colombia German Andres Pardo Torres, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
12:15-12:30	Session wrap-up/conclusions Freddy Corredor, GeoStrAp
12:30-13:00	Virtual Field Trip: Fault-related Folds of the Eastern Cordillera Fold-and-Thrust Belt in the Tunja-Villa de Leyva Region, Central Colombia Freddy Corredor, GeoStrAp
Session II: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Formation Evaluation Convener: Alejandra Dalenz, GEOMAP
13:30-14:15	Keynote Address: A High-Potential but Overlooked Giant Salt Basin in Peru and Bolivia Thierry P.A. Sempere, Independent Consulting Geologist
14:15-14:45	Petrographic Characterization of Matrix Vs Fracture Porosity in Tight Sandstones: The Huamampampa Formation from an 8 Km-Deep Well in the Sub-Andean Fold-and-Thrust Belt of Bolivia Laura I. Net (presenter), Maria Ochoa, Daniel Peña, Alia Ponz Garcia, Massimo Bonora, Camilo Restrepo, Tomas Zapata, Repsol
14:45-15:15	Stratigraphic Analysis of the Valle Morado Area, Northwestern Argentina, New Perspectives Andrés Alvarez (presenter), Juan I. Hernández, Roberto M. Hernández, Alejandra Dalenz Farjat, Mariano Dellmans, Marcos Costilla, Luis Alvarez, Néstor Navarrete, Ramón Torres, GEOMAP
15:15-15:30	Break
15:30-16:00	Well Core Plugs Analysis: An Integrated Vision. Case Study in the Venezuela’s Eastern Basin Freddy Marin, Petróleos de Venezuela
16:00-16:30	Microthermometry of Fluids Inclusions as a Tool to Characterize a Reservoir Rock in Caballos Formation – Colombia Ingrid Muñoz-Quijano (presenter), Ángela Caicedo, Camila Hoyos, Universidad Surcolombiana; Diego Loaiza, Universidad de Caldas
16:30-17:00	Sub-Andean Project: Geological Maps to Promote Investment Opportunities in Remote Areas of the Peruvian Subandean Walther León (presenter), Antenor Aleman, Marco Chumpitaz, Claudia Fabián, Christian Sipion, Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico de Perú (INGEMMET)
17:00-17:30	Stratigraphy as it Relates to the Gentle Slope of the Andes Foreland Basin in Peru and Bolivia John Wagner, Pluspetrol
17:30-17:45	Session wrap-up/conclusions Alejandra Dalenz, GEOMAP
18:00-19:00	Virtual Networking Session

Friday, 21 August

Session III: Basin Analysis & Petroleum Systems Convener: Daniel Peña, Repsol
08:00-08:15	Welcome and Introductions Elvira Pureza Gómez, AAPG Latin America and Caribbean Region President, committee members and special guests
08:15-09:00	Keynote Address: Kerogen Typing and Prediction of the Primary Generation Characteristics of Source Rocks Using Petroleum Asphaltenes Antonio Martin-Monge (presenter), Daniel Peña, Rafael Tocco, Connor Moore, Andre Vayssaire, Camilo Restrepo, Victor Goitia, Judith Vila, Massimo Bonora, Jose Carballo, Repsol
09:00-09:30	Bolivia – The “ChaCo-Stack”: An Unconventional Resource Play of National Significance? Chris Cornelius (presenter), Paul Clarke, Miguel Palma, Lech Powichrowski, Russell Sharp, Peter Turner, CanCambria Energy Corporation
09:30-10:00	Source Rock Analysis of the Paja-Tablazo Formations in the Middle Magdalena Valley - Colombia Andrés Pastor-Chacón (presenter), Oscar Romero, Miled Niño, German Pardo, Alexandra Delgado, Cristian Benavides, Karen Rodriguez, John Ortiz, Fabricio Combita, Andrés Fuenzalida, Servicio Geológico Colombiano
10:00-10:15	Break
10:15-10:45	Top Seal Effectiveness in Bolivian Reservoirs Fernando Alegria, Shell Bolivia Corporation
10:45-11:15	Tectonic Subsidence Controls of Colombian Paleocene Reservoirs and Seals Germán Bayona (presenter), Corporación Geológica ARES; Camilo Montes, Universidad del Norte; Agustín Cardona, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Medellín; Carlos Jaramillo, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
11:15-11:45	An All-in-one Structural Suite: Thermo-kinematic Modeling Applied to Fault-related Anticlines. The Southern Sub-Andean System Case: the Borebigua Structure Juan I. Hernández (presenter), Ernesto Cristallini, Francisco Sánchez, Daniel Balciunas, Andrés Mora, Richard Ketcham, Joaquín Nigro, Roberto Hernández, LA.TE.ANDES
11:45-12:15	Tectonic and hydrocarbon comparisons between two Colombian foreland basins: Llanos and Putumayo Paul Mann (presenter), University of Houston; Luis Fernando Pachon-Parra, University of Houston, GEMS, Ltd. (Colombia); Nestor Cardozo, University of Stavanger
12:15-12:30	Session wrap-up/ conclusions Daniel Peña, Repsol
12:30-13:00	Virtual Field Trip: Virtual Outcrops as key Analogues to Andean Stratigraphy and Tectonics in Colombia Claudia Ruiz-Graham (presenter), IMAGED REALITY Ltd; German Bayona and Mauricio Baquero, ARES
Session IV: Geophysical Methods& Interpretations Convener: Sandra Arevalo, TEEC Solutions
13:30-14:15	Keynote Address: Seismic Imaging in Fold-and-Thrust Belts Rob Vestrum, Thrust Belt Imaging
14:15-14:45	Maximize the Use of 2D Interpretations in Structurally Complex Areas Tomas Labrador Olarte, Emerson
14:45-15:15	Processing Case Studies from Pre-Andean Rift Basins Thomas Fieseler (presenter), Sandra Arevalo, TEEC Solutions
15:15-15:30	Break
15:30-16:00	Structural and Stratigraphic Correlations Across the Northwestern Flank of the Venezuelan Andes: Implications for the Exploration of Gas Plays Jose Nicanor Mendez (presenter), Johanny Chacon, Hugo Govea, China University of Petroleum
16:00-16:30	Multiresolution Analysis Applied to 3D Seismic Data in the Central Bolivian Subandean Zone Evanz Lazaro (presenter), YPFB Chaco S.A; Kim Bejarano, Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier
16:30-17:00	Evolution of Cotopaxi 2015 Eruption Revealed by Combined Geochemical and Seismic Observations Silvana Hidalgo (presenter), Daniel Sierra, Benjamin Bernard, Escuela Politécnica Nacional; Jean Battaglia, Pablo Samaniego, Université Clermont Auvergne; Santiago Arellano, Chalmers University of TechnologyRené Parra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Peter Kelly, U.S. Geological Survey; Florian Dinger, Max-Planck Institut for Chemistry, University of Heidelberg; Charlotte Barrington, Nanyang Technological University
17:00-17:15	Session wrap-up/conclusions Sandra Arevalo, TEEC Solutions
17:15-18:00	Closing Panel Discussion: New Horizons and Exploration Potential in Andean Basins Representatives from YPFB Corporation, Pluspetrol and Repsol

Recorded Presentations

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Mantle Removal, Crustal Delamination and Thrust Belts in the Central Andes

Evidence of Late Cenozoic Contractional and Strike-Slip Deformation in the Transition Between Puna and Frontal Cordillera in Valle Ancho Area (27°30’S) (Spanish Presentation)

Authors: Fabian Wagner (presenter), Universidad Mayor (Chile); Rodrigo Quiroga, Grupo Tectónica, IANIGLA, CCT Mendoza (Argentina); Matías Peña, Universidad Mayor, Universidad de Chile; Guillermo Fuentes, Universidad Santo Tomas (Chile) Presentation is in Spanish The southern area of Central Andes (27°30´S), in the southern limit of Puna, in transition to the Frontal Cordillera, exist a high structural complexity characterized by fold and thrust belt system with interaction of thick and thin skin styles of deformation, evidenced by Paleozoic basement highly exposed, and Oligocene Miocene-Pliocene continental-volcanic-and-clastic sequences, which degree of deformation and temporality of deformation is not well understood. This suggest that is necessary to analyses the history of deformation during the late Andean evolution in this area. To accomplish this goal, we perform a structural and kinematic analysis, integrated in a structural model using Leapfrog and Andino 3D. This structural study is a contribution in the knowledge in the temporal-space variation of the strain field and its relationship with main deformation events. We propose two deformational events. The first, an early contractional event whose contraction directions varies from E-W to NE-SW near to Permian basement blocks, whose structural architecture is controlling the NW-SE and E-NE strike slips faults generated on the second event and the orientation of folds and faults developed during the first one. A Strike-Slip deformation is observed by faults that cut Miocene-Pliocene volcanic units and the previous contractional system. Because the reverses faults and folds are affecting the Oligocene Miocene rocks, the early contractional event documented in our kinematic analysis was active at least until the lower to mid Miocene times. The late deformational event is represented by the strike slip deformation that was active until recent times, defining in this way the temporality of deformation in Frontal Cordillera, in the transition with the Puna Plateau. Bio Fabian Wagner (presenter), Universidad Mayor (Chile) Fabian is a last year student at the Universidad Mayor, Chile. He currently works as researcher at the same university.

The Inner Forearc of the Central Andes (21°-23°S): Structural Styles, Age of Uplift and its Relation with Basement Weakness Zones (Spanish Presentation)

Authors: Fernando Martínez (presenter), Cristopher López, Rodrigo González, Belén Muñoz, Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile); Mauricio Parra, University of São Paulo (Brazil) Presentation is in Spanish. At 21º-23ºS the inner forearc of the Central Andes in northern Chile consist of two intermontane basins: The Salar de Atacama and Salar de Punta Negra basins. Both are bounded by the Chilean Precordillera (or Domeyko Cordillera) and the current volcanic arc and lie covered almost enterely by Pliocene salars, thus hindering a direct observation of their internal structural anatomy. For more than 20 years the structure and timig of deformation of this region have been an enigma to solve due to lack of subsurface geological information. In order to solve it, we integrated near of 38.000 km of 2D seismic data, field data, U-Pb ages of Cenozoic synorogenic deposits and apatite fission track data (AFT) from Paleozoic basement granitic rocks. The results show the existence of large doubly-verging basement-involved structures related to inverted Permian to Jurassic basement half-grabens and kilometric-scale reverse faults. The inverted structures consist of inversion anticlines linked to reactivated master normal faults, while that the reverse faults consist of moderate to high angle structures along which, basement-cored anticlines were developed. The basal synorogenic successions over the inversion anticlines report U-Pb ages ranking between 80-90 Ma, thus indicating a late Cretaceous age for the tectonic inversion. Samples from the basement-cored anticlines report Eocene to Miocene AFT ages suggesting a rapid exhumation of the basement rocks by reverse faulting. The last is superimposed to the tectonic inversion, and, is mostly controlled to changes in the tectono-thermal conditions of the upper crust from the eastward migration of the current volcanic arc. Bio: Fernando Martínez, Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile) Fernando earned a PhD from the Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile, where he currently works as associate professor and main researcher at Andean tectonics. With 22 years of experience, he has previously worked as structural and regional geologist at PDVSA, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela and assistant professor of University of Chile. Fernando is a member of Sociedad Geológical Chilena, Asociación Geológica Argentina, Asociación Geológica Colombiana, Sociedad Venezolana de Ingenieros Geofísicos, among others.

Structural Style, Evolution and Along Strike Variations in the Western Andean Mountain Front (20°30’-21°15’S) (Spanish Presentation)

Authors: Guillermo Fuentes (presenter), Universidad Santo Tomás, Incaic Exploration; Rodrigo Muñoz, Taypi Geohidroconsultores Limitada; Sebastián Perroud, Incaic Exploration, Universidad de Chile; Fernando Martínez, Universidad Católica del Norte; Walter Garrido, Universidad Santo Tomás, Incaic Exploration Presentation is in Spanish. Recent advances in the knowledge of the forearc tectonic and structural evolution elucidate the strong control of the pre-orogenic structures in the accommodation of the Andean shortening. As have been shown in others orogens, the choose of the structural style can lead a difference of up to an order of magnitude in shortening estimations. Particularly in the Western Andean Mountain Front (WAMF), at 21°S, depending on the structure style selected, contrasting tectonic models have been proposed (crustal structures) to explain the Andean orogenesis. In order to assess the structural style and tectonic evolution, between 20°30’-21°15’S, we present a detailed 2D seismic interpretation calibrated by well and drill-hole data, and rock outcrops. Also, we perform isopach map and restored geological sections. The main results of this contribution reveal partially inverted graben and half-graben arrays formed by Jurassic to Early Cretaceous extension and subsequently underwent contraction which led the basin inversion at least since the Upper Cretaceous, developing hanging and footwall short-cut structures. Inverted syn-rift isopach map gives us the chance to propose lateral continuation of main structures and identify along strike variations, as tip points, polarity changes and accommodation zones, showing a pseudo-3D structural configuration for the WAMF. Most of the shortening estimations were close to 3 km, despite of along strike variations on main inverted graben and half-graben structures. Partially inverted graben and half-graben arrays, its evolution and along strike variations must be consider in future tectonic models to better understand the main Andean structures. Bio Guillermo Fuentes, Universidad Santo Tomás, Incaic Exploration Guillermo graduated on geology and got his PhD on structural geology and tectonics in the University of Chile. He has participated with the AMTC in two geology national maps for the Geological National Survey (SERNAGOMIN) and has been consultor in economic structural geology for major companies as Antofagasta Minerals, as well he has lead generative mineral exploration projects for covered zones in the north of Chile. He has been research fellow at Universidad Santo Tomás and academic in others universities in Chile. He currently is Assistant Professor at Universidad Santo Tomás, where he is responsible for field and structural geology courses, head of applied structural geology and geotectonics group at the university. He also works as Exploration Manager at Incaic Exploration SpA.

Structural Analysis of Bororigua and Suaruro Ranges – Margarita Gas Field and Boyuy Discovery, and Integration into a Regional Cross-Section: Bolivia Subandean Zone

Authors: Willy Gil (presenter), Gonzalo Zamora, Daniel Peña, Massimo Bonora, Oliver de Mena, Repsol Almost 8000 m of stratigraphic column and the structural data provided by the Boyuy X2 exploratory well, including the post drill reprocessed seismic data, have been integrated into a regional cross-section to have a better structural understanding of this area. RTM and KDM seismic image across of Palos Blancos syncline and San Nicolas - Suaruro dorsal limb, permit to identify the regional (~2°W) of the detachment levels: base of Kirusillas and Los Monos Fms. To the South of Margarita area Bororigua thrust system detaches at the base of Los Monos Fm and to the North at the base of Kirusillas Fm, nevertheless is not present in the Boyuy area. The Mandiyuti thrust system detaches at the base of the Kirusillas Fm, involving the Huamampampa reservoir into the Margarita duplex. However, the Boyuy X2 well did not find this reservoir within this thrust sheet. Instead, below the Mandiyuti thrust, Boyuy well found an imbricate system of Carboniferous, that has no surface expression. Underlaying this imbricate system, the Huamampampa Fm was reached at 7480 MD. To explain the absence of Huamampampa Fm in Mandiyuti thrust (Boyuy well), two interpretations are feasible: a) a transfer zone associated to a lateral ramp or b) a differential shortening. Regional Forward modeling was adjusted whit thermochronology data. Hypothetic geometry and shortening of Inter Andean zone could reach almost 100 Km beginning at 17 Ma. Total shortening of Sub Andean zone was calculated in 83 Km, and deformation timing (West to East) are: San Simon 12-11 Ma; Huayco 11-9 Ma, Boyuy Deep and Itau 9-8 Ma; Aguarague - La Vertiente first trusting 8-6 Ma; Huayco reactivation, Carboniferous imbricates (Boyuy) and Suaruro 6-4 Ma; Mandiyuti - San Nicolas 4-2 Ma; Itau, Aguarague and La Vertiente reactivation 2-0 Ma. Bios Willy Gil, Repsol Willy earned a PhD from the University Paul Sabatier of Toulouse III. France. He currently is Structural Geology Advisor at Repsol E&P in Madrid, Spain. With more than 20 years of experience in the industry, he has held positions in the company in different countries such as Repsol E&P USA, Repsol E&P Peru, Repsol E&P Venezuela, Repsol E&P Ecuador.

Devonian Fracture Reservoir Play Classification After Ultra-Deep Exploration in the Southern Subandean Belt of Bolivia

Authors: Tomas Zapata (presenter), Sergio Sarmiento, Melanie Louterbach, Daniel Peña, Judith Vila, Massimo Bonora, Victor Hugo Goitia, Camilo Restrepo, Repsol Borehole information captured during drilling and testing operations of the Boyuy X2 well allowed building a comprehensive catalogue of geological and geomechanical conditions of this part of the SubAndean Belt. At depths of 7500 m the state of stress is strike-slip (as SHmax is horizontal), and the maximum horizontal effective stress ratio (ESR SHmax) is around 1.2. Thus, the vertical principal stress (σ2) magnitude is close to SHmax. This study proposes a classification on of the gas accumulations of the Devonian Huamampampa Fm based on the changes on regional geomechanical settings, reservoir fracture geometry and seal hydrodynamics that occur at different depths as it follows: A) Shallow Accumulations (1800 m or shallower): normal stress field, breached seal, only lithological seal capacity left, mostly liquid hydrocarbon accumulations. Normal hydrostatic regime. B) Intermediate Accumulations (2000 – 4500 m): Normal to strike-slip stress field, hydrodynamic seal, enhanced fracture connectivity, regional aquifer. C) Deep Accumulations (4000 – 6200 m): Strike-slip stress field, ESR Shmax > 1.5, fracture connectivity variable, hydrodynamic seal, fault compartment and hydraulically independent tectonic blocks.D) Ultradeep Accumulations (>6500): Strike-slip stress field, ESR Shmax <1.5, low fracture connectivity, hydrodynamic seal, fault compartment and hydraulically independent tectonic blocks. Example: Boyuy X2 discovery.Regionally, an ultra-deep commercial potential accumulation for the Huamampa Fm. reservoir is hard to visualize, since most of the current identified deep structures are deeper than 6500 m. Such potential accumulations may not be able to deliver commercial flow rates since the actual stress field would not support open fractures in any orientation. Bio: Tomas Zapata, Repsol Tomas earned a geology degree from the University of Buenos Aires; Argentina; a PhD from Cornell University, Ithaca New York; and was part of the Director Development Program (PDD) at the IAE School of Business, Universidad Austral, Argentina. With 25 years of experience in the industry, he currently is Director of Exploration Americas Assets for Repsol USA Corp. at The Woodlands, USA, where he is responsible for the whole Exploration Business Activities (Planning, access, execution, abandonment) of Repsol in the Americas Region (Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, Mexico, US. GOM, Alaska). He has previously held positions at YPF S.A., Argentina, and at University of Buenos Aires as Associate Professor of Petroleum Geology). Tomas is a member of AAPG and AGGEP (Spain).

The Soapaga Fault Trishear Related Deformation: A Restoration of the Betéitiva Syncline in the Eastern Flank of the Floresta Massif – Colombia

Author: German Andres Pardo Torres, Universidad Nacional de Colombia In the eastern flank of the Floresta Massif, the area between the Paz de Río and Corrales localities is characterized by the presence of oil seeps. These occurrences are related to the Betéitiva Syncline, an NNE trend structure that has been explained by different classic fault-related folds models. However, none of these models explain its structural position in the footwall of the deformational front, the overturned-to-upright position of the backlimb, and the thickness changes in the backlimb. Here, I used a Trishear kinematic model associated with the Soapaga Fault deformation to better explain the Betéitiva Syncline and its structural features. Restoring five structural cross-sections I found that the geometry of the Betéitiva Syncline, its structural position in the footwall, and the thickness changes in the backlimb could be better explained by a Trishear kinematic model related to the deformation of the Soapaga Fault. For the Trishear restoration process, I searched the best fit values for the p/s, slip, Trishear angle and fault angle parameters using the simulated annealing algorithm to avoid local minima. The results of the inversion show changes in the Trishear parameters for the five cross-sections, and suggest the deformation of the Soapaga Fault varies along its trace. In this works I conclude two main points; the Betéitiva Syncline is better explained by the Trishear kinematic model related to the Soapaga Fault, showing lesser shortenings than the previous structural works of this folds, and it is a best-fit model related to the geological data in the field; and the Soapaga Fault split into the Corrales Fault, a later structure that thrusted the Betéitiva Syncline backlimb and uplifted the Cretaceous units. Bio: German Andres Pardo Torres, Universidad Nacional de Colombia German earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and is a MSc in geology candidate from the same university. During his 9 years of experience in the industry, he has worked in consulting companies in Colombia. Currently, he is Structural Geologist at the Hydrocarbon Division of the Colombian Geological Survey in Bogotá, where he is responsible for structural analysis of fracture patterns, kinematic evidences, and deformational processes related to Unconventional Shale Reservoirs. German Andres is a member of AAPG.

Session I: Structural Geology and Tectonics Wrap Up (English and Spanish Discussion)

Moderator: Freddy Corredor, GeoStrAp Participants: Victor Ramos, Universidad de Buenos Aires; Fernando Martinez, Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile); Willy Gil (Repsol); Tomas Zapata, Repsol; Guillermo Fuentes, Universidad Santo Tomás, Incaic Exploration Convener Freddy Corredor moderates a discussion with presenters, who answer questions and share final thoughts to conclude Session I, Structural Geology and Tectonics, at the Andean Basins Virtual Research Symposium. Discussion in English and Spanish. Bios: Convener: Freddy Corredor, GeoStrAp Freddy is a geologist, explorationist and entrepreneur with over 25 years of experience in the oil and gas industry. He holds a BSc in geology from the National University of Colombia, a MSc degree in geology from the University of Colorado at Boulder and a PhD candidacy in Earth and Planetary Sciences from Harvard University. He started his career with Occidental Oil and Gas in Colombia where he led the discovery of the 100 MMBOE Gibraltar Field, now operated by the NOC Ecopetrol. In 1998 he moved to the U.S. and during that time he held internship positions with Oxy, Chevron, BP and Shell. In 2004 he joined Shell E&P Company in New Orleans as senior structural geologist for the Gulf of Mexico assets. In 2006 he returned to Colombia where he has held various executive positions including Founder and Director at GeoStrAp SAS; Director of New Ventures Latin America at Casa Exploration LLC; Exploration Manager of Vetra E&P Colombia; and Executive VP Exploration at Amerisur Resources PLC. Victor Ramos, Universidad de Buenos Aires Victor is Doctor with 50 years of experience in the industry. He currently is Emeritus Professor at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is a member of AGA and AAPG. Fernando Martínez, Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile) Fernando earned a PhD from the Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile, where he currently works as associate professor and main researcher at Andean tectonics. With 22 years of experience, he has previously worked as structural and regional geologist at PDVSA, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela and assistant professor of University of Chile. Guillermo Fuentes, Universidad Santo Tomás, Incaic Exploration Guillermo graduated on geology and got his PhD on structural geology and tectonics in the University of Chile. He has participated with the AMTC in two geology national maps for the Geological National Survey (SERNAGOMIN) and has been consultor in economic structural geology for major companies as Antofagasta Minerals, as well he has lead generative mineral exploration projects for covered zones in the north of Chile. He has been research fellow at Universidad Santo Tomás and academic in others universities in Chile. He currently is Assistant Professor at Universidad Santo Tomás, where he is responsible for field and structural geology courses, head of applied structural geology and geotectonics group at the university. He also works as Exploration Manager at Incaic Exploration SpA. Willy Gil, Repsol Willy earned a PhD from the University Paul Sabatier of Toulouse III. France. He currently is Structural Geology Advisor at Repsol E&P in Madrid, Spain. With more than 20 years of experience in the industry, he has held positions in the company in different countries such as Repsol E&P USA, Repsol E&P Peru, Repsol E&P Venezuela, Repsol E&P Ecuador. Tomas Zapata, Repsol Tomas earned a geology degree from the University of Buenos Aires; Argentina; a PhD from Cornell University, Ithaca New York; and was part of the Director Development Program (PDD) at the IAE School of Business, Universidad Austral, Argentina. With 25 years of experience in the industry, he currently is Director of Exploration Americas Assets for Repsol USA Corp. at The Woodlands, USA, where he is responsible for the whole Exploration Business Activities (Planning, access, execution, abandonment) of Repsol in the Americas Region (Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, Mexico, US. GOM, Alaska). He has previously held positions at YPF S.A., Argentina, and at University of Buenos Aires as Associate Professor of Petroleum Geology). German Andres Pardo Torres, Universidad Nacional de Colombia German earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and is a MSc in geology candidate from the same university. During his 9 years of experience in the industry, he has worked in consulting companies in Colombia. Currently, he is Structural Geologist at the Hydrocarbon Division of the Colombian Geological Survey in Bogotá, where he is responsible for structural analysis of fracture patterns, kinematic evidences, and deformational processes related to Unconventional Shale Reservoirs.

A High-Potential but Overlooked Giant Salt Basin in Peru and Bolivia

Author Thierry P.A. Sempere, Independent Consulting Geologist A giant salt basin extended over what is now western Peru and southwestern Bolivia in the Late Triassic. The basin formed from ~240 to ~210 Ma through backarc rifting along the axis of what is now the Eastern Cordillera (which results from the transpressional to compressional inversion of this rift system). Salt and other evaporites were originally deposited during the Early ‘short Norian’ as seawater entered grabens; the eastern limit of thick autochthonous evaporites ran approximately along the current Subandean-Lowlands transition; these evaporites subsequently extended westwards, in part allochthonously. Salt is however absent east of the Shira-Otishi uplift and from the Camisea area; only two salt features, including a dome, are known along the southern Subandean of Peru. In Andean central Peru, a salt dome proves however that salt was originally deposited ~100 km west of the present-day Subandean belt. Salt is notoriously prone to dissolution, especially in outcrops and shallow subsurface. The original extension of the salt basin is outlined using a number of proxies, such as the associated evaporites and the structural effects of salt tectonics; evaporites formed a weak level that was used as a tectonic detachment by later deformations, and as preferential level of emplacement of magmatic sills. In Bolivia most of these evaporites were eroded during the inversion that formed the Eastern Cordillera, but are preserved in a number of Mesozoic synclines in the east, and in large portions of the Altiplano. A significant part of the deformation currently interpreted as classical shortening originated in fact by salt tectonics. A variety of salt-tectonic structures is indeed observed, opening many new avenues for oil exploration, in particular in Peru. Bio: Thierry P.A. Sempere, Independent Consulting Geologist Thierry is a Doctor in Geology and Engineer from the Paris School of Mines. He has 38 years of experience, and worked as researcher at ORSTOM/IRD from 1982 to 2017. He currently is independent consulting geologist at Lima, Peru. Thierry is a member of AAPG.

Petrographic Characterization of Matrix Vs Fracture Porosity in Tight Sandstones: The Huamampampa Formation from an 8 km-Deep Well in the Sub-Andean Fold-and-Thrust Belt of Bolivia

Authors: Laura I. Net (presenter), Maria Ochoa, Daniel Peña, Alia Ponz Garcia, Massimo Bonora, Camilo Restrepo, Tomas Zapata, Repsol Drilling of well BUY-X2 in the Bolivian fold-and-thrust belt launched a petrographic study on Devonian-aged Huamampampa Fm tight sandstones using cutting samples from a thrust sheet at ~8,000 m of burial depth. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminiscence, microprobe elemental mapping, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and X-ray diffraction were combined with image log and petrophysical data to better understand the rock matrix and its porosity network. Sandstone matrix is made up by tightly-packed, fine to medium-sized detrital grains of dominant quartz with subordinated feldspars and rock fragments. Intense diagenesis resulted in cementation mostly by quartz overgrowths, minor authigenic and/or recrystallized clays, and traces of titanium oxide and pyrite. Matrix porosity is very scarce, and limited to: a) primary intercrystalline microporosity associated to interstitial, intergranular pore filling clays, b) slot porosity at quartz overgrowth cement-cement contacts, and c) secondary intragranular microporosity due to partial dissolution of non-quartz grains. Petrographic image analysis (PIA) on CL-BSE photographs shows matrix porosity values ~3% in agreement with avg. PHI in petrophysical interpretation and regional data. This 3% matrix porosity is proposed as the minimum threshold that Huamampampa may achieve during deep burial. A tectonically-overimposed, secondary fracture porosity network is observed from macroscale in image log down to microscale in thin sections. Presence of oversized, euhedral quartz crystals trapping fluid inclusions with Ths from ~130°C to 190°C -close to bottom hole temperature- confirms the existence of an open, natural fracture system, into which authigenic quartz may still be precipitating at present reservoir conditions. Bio: Laura I. Net, Repsol Laura earned a BSc from the Universidad de Buenos Aires (1995), a PhD also from the Universidad de Buenos Aires (2000), and a MSc from the University of Texas at Austin (2003), all three in Geological Sciences. With 16 years of experience in the industry, Laura is Geologist Advisor, Clastic Reservoir Quality, Geosciences Specialists Team (since 2010) at Repsol in Madrid, Spain, where she is in-house consultant specialized in topics related to clastic petrology, sandstone diagenetic modeling and reservoir quality assessment of sandstone and shale reservoirs. Laura previously worked for E&P projects targeting both conventional and unconventional reservoirs with Pioneer National Resources Argentina (2004-2006), Apache Corporation Argentina (2006-2009), and YPF SA (2009-2010) in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Stratigraphic Analysis of the Valle Morado Area, Northwestern Argentina, New Perspectives (Spanish Presentation)

Author(s): Andrés Alvarez (presenter), Juan I. Hernández, Roberto M. Hernández, Alejandra Dalenz Farjat, Mariano Dellmans, Marcos Costilla, Luis Alvarez, Néstor Navarrete, Ramón Torres, GEOMAP Presentation is in Spanish The analysis of the sedimentary record constitutes a key point while assessing the evolution of fold and and thrust belts requiring a multi-variable analysis whose characterization is based on the combination of subsurface data (2D-3D seismic and wells), surface data (mapping and stratigraphic survey) and analytical non-dependent-model techniques such as U-Pb, fission-track and (U-Th-Sm)/He dating.The Valle Morado structure, close to the sub-Andean-Eastern Cordillera boundary in northwestern Argentina, is part of a set of fault-related N-S to NNE-SSW trending anticlines with some plant-view inflections. Located north of the Caimancito field, the Valle Morado anticline was drilled by the Rio Colorado x-1 and Valle Morado x-1001 wells, the latter generating a cumulative production of gas and condensate of 124 Mm3 oil equivalent, in Cretaceous-Paleogene reservoirs (Yacoraite-Mealla; 6044, 5646 MD)(Disalvo, 2002).The integration of surface and subsurface data has allowed a new suitable stratigraphic interpretation in this area located between the southern plunge of the sub-Andean System and the northern edge of the extensional Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin. On the other hand, the analysis of 2D and 3D seismic data in the Miocene-Pliocene deposits allowed to identify a south-to-north thickness increase on a regional scale with its maximum value located between Colonia Santa Rosa, Pichanal and the city of Oran, a low-subsidence position for the Lower Cretaceous, generating a complex subsidence scenario through the Cenozoic. These results generate new analysis perspectives for the understanding of the processes of subsidence, generation and migration of hydrocarbons today trapped in naturally fractured reservoirs in positions such as Valle Morado or Caimancito. Bio: Andrés Alvarez, GEOMAP S.A. Andrés is a geologist from the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. During his 10 years of experience in the industry, he has worked as geologist in structural and stratigraphy projects for oil and gas industry in the Central Andes (Sub Andean System) for different companies in Bolivia and Argentina (2010-2020). He currently works at GEOMAP S.A. at Salta, Argentina, where he is responsible for stratigraphic analysis and mapping for the oil and gas industry.

Well Core Plugs Analysis: An Integrated Vision. Case Study in the Venezuela’s Eastern Basin

Microthermometry of Fluids Inclusions as a Tool to Characterize a Reservoir Rock in Caballos Formation – Colombia (Spanish Presentation)

Authors: Ingrid Muñoz-Quijano (presenter), Ángela Caicedo, Camila Hoyos, Universidad Surcolombiana; Diego Loaiza, Universidad de Caldas Presentation is in Spanish The production of hydrocarbons in Colombia is going through a decrease due to the depletion of reserves, which can lead to the country losing energy sufficiency in less than ten years. However, detailed studies using tools like microthermometry of fluids inclusions applied in conventional reservoirs can be a way to find new recovery processes and exploration activities with the possibility of increasing the reserves levels. Caballos Formation is conformed by siliciclastic rocks with changes between subarkoses, litharenites to quartz arenites, and is classified as a reservoir rock of the petroleum system of the Upper Magdalena Valley Basin, and these rocks have characteristics for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. Microthermometry of fluid inclusions in this formation was used to recognize formation temperatures, some basic physicochemical variables, homogenization temperature (Th), density and salinity of the fluid in the entrapment or forward process, providing evidences on the evolution inside of sedimentary basin. Values of the temperature of homogenization and salinity were estimated using histograms of salinity frequencies, histograms of Th, and graphs of salinity vs. Th , evidencing that the fluid inclusions found in the different samples analyzed have salinities that vary from 19.13% to 33.25% eq. weight NaCl; similar densities in the intervals of 1.08 to 1.15g/cc and homogenization temperatures between 99.50°C and 187.20°C were found. The homogenization temperature obtained in the fluid inclusions indicate that the rocks of Caballos formation were subjected inside in the hydrocarbons generation windows of medium-low, which with later diagenetic process reached the current characteristics as evidenced in many of the oil fields present in the Upper Magdalena Valley area. Bio: Ingrid Muñoz-Quijano, Universidad Surcolombiana Ingrid earned a PhD from Heidelberg University, Germany. During her 15 years of experience, she has worked at Heidelberg University and Salamanca University. Currently, she is sedimentology and structural geology Professor at the Universidad Surcolombiana, Faculty of Engineering. Her professional affiliations include International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS); Asociación Colombiana de Geólogos y Geofísicos del Petróleo (ACGGP); Sociedad Colombiana de Geología (SCG).

Sub-Andean Project: Geological Maps to Promote Investment Opportunities in Remote Areas of the Peruvian Sub-Andean (Spanish Presentation)

Authors: Walther León (presenter), Antenor Aleman, Marco Chumpitaz, Claudia Fabián, Christian Sipion, Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico de Perú (INGEMMET) Presentation is in Spanish. Since 2019 the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Institute - INGEMMET has been developing the “Sub-Andean Project”. This project aims to integrate geological surface information acquired by hydrocarbon companies since the last decade in their exploration activities (PERUPETRO - INGEMMET Technical Information Exchange Agreement) with studies of Geological National Chart in this part of the territory to provide timely and quality information with a high geological value of the different areas of the Sub-Andean. From 2019 to 2021, “Sub-Andean Project” will update 155 quadrants at a scale of 1: 50,000 and annual reports of the geological update. In 2019, 45 quadrants located in the high jungle of Madre de Dios, Ucayali and Ene / Pachitea were update. In 2020 are being updated 104 quadrants of the Huallaga and Santiago basins and for 2021, 06 quadrants and 05 geological maps at 1: 250,000 scale will have programmed. As an important background to this project in 2015 were updated 17 sheets at scale 1: 50,000 located in Madre de Dios basin and in 2016 were updated 13 sheets belonging to Ucayali Sur basin. As part of the project carried out field campaigns to validate and improve the quality of the integrated geological information, geological maps are prepared, geological data positioned, the stratigraphy is standardized and the main geological structures exposed in the called folded belts. The processing of all information collected is through an organized and standardized database processed in a GIS project in Geodatabase format. Why Study the Geology of the Sub-Andean? The current reality oil industry in the sub-Andean zone is that majority of the remaining oil or gas fields are associated with areas of high tectonic, stratigraphic complexity and are located in remote areas with very difficult access, because it the exploration and exploitation process has become especially difficult, expensive and high risk with a low success rate. Therefore is necessary to develop and implement new methodologies or improved study processes, to interconnect surface geology (updated geological maps) and subsoil geology (seismic and data from drilled wells) more effectively to reduce geological risk and lessen economic impact, making exploration and exploitation projects more attractive to investors.An example is Madre de Dios Folded Belt, one of the least explored of the sub-Andean basins, this despite the fact that biostratigraphic studies have confirmed a tectonic / stratigraphic evolution very similar to the gas basin of southern Ucayali, with excellent mother rocks of World class of Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Structurally, characterized by presenting numerous duplexes in Cretaceous / Cenozoic rocks, both on the surface and underground. A renewed exploration in the 90s corroborated a small non-commercial oil field in the foreland of Bolivian sector (Pando field) and a significant accumulation along the folded belt on the Peruvian side (Candamo field). The geological maps will provide information for multidisciplinary work models applied in geosciences, for the construction of structural models, reduction of risks during the search for profitable and economic deposits, as well as the search for new exploratory opportunities in the folded belt. Bio: Walther León, Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico de Perú (INGEMMET) With 15 years of experience, Walther is Senior Advisor Geologist at INGEMMET at Lima, Peru, where he is team leader of the Subandean Project. Walther is a member of the AAPG and the Peruvian Geological Society (SGP).

Stratigraphy as it Relates to the Gentle Slope of the Andes Foreland Basin in Peru and Bolivia

Andes Basin Research Symposium Panel Discussion: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Formation Evaluation (English and Spanish Discussion)

Moderator: Alejandra Dalenz, GEOMAP Participants: Thierry Sempere, Independent Consulting Geologist; Laura I. Net, Repsol; Ingrid Muñoz-Quijano, Universidad Surcolombiana; John Wagner, Pluspetrol; Walther Leon, Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico de Perú (INGEMMET) Convener Alejandra Dalenz moderates a discussion with session presenters, who answer questions and share final thoughts to conclude Session II: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Formation Evaluation, at the Andean Basins Virtual Research Symposium. Bios: Thierry P.A. Sempere, Independent Consulting Geologist Thierry is a Doctor in Geology and Engineer from the Paris School of Mines. He has 38 years of experience, and worked as researcher at ORSTOM/IRD from 1982 to 2017. He currently is independent consulting geologist at Lima, Peru. Thierry is a member of AAPG. Laura I. Net, Repsol Laura earned a BSc from the Universidad de Buenos Aires (1995), a PhD also from the Universidad de Buenos Aires (2000), and a MSc from the University of Texas at Austin (2003), all three in Geological Sciences. With 16 years of experience in the industry, Laura is Geologist Advisor, Clastic Reservoir Quality, Geosciences Specialists Team (since 2010) at Repsol in Madrid, Spain, where she is in-house consultant specialized in topics related to clastic petrology, sandstone diagenetic modeling and reservoir quality assessment of sandstone and shale reservoirs. Laura previously worked for E&P projects targeting both conventional and unconventional reservoirs with Pioneer National Resources Argentina (2004-2006), Apache Corporation Argentina (2006-2009), and YPF SA (2009-2010) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ingrid Muñoz-Quijano, Universidad Surcolombiana Ingrid earned a PhD from Heidelberg University, Germany. During her 15 years of experience, she has worked at Heidelberg University and Salamanca University. Currently, she is sedimentology and structural geology Professor at the Universidad Surcolombiana, Faculty of Engineering. Her professional affiliations include International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS); Asociación Colombiana de Geólogos y Geofísicos del Petróleo (ACGGP); Sociedad Colombiana de Geología (SCG). Walther León, Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico de Perú (INGEMMET) With 15 years of experience, Walther is Senior Advisor Geologist at INGEMMET at Lima, Peru, where he is team leader of the Subandean Project.

Kerogen Typing and Prediction of the Primary Generation Characteristics of Source Rocks Using Petroleum Asphaltenes

Authors: Antonio Martin-Monge (presenter), Daniel Peña, Rafael Tocco, Connor Moore, Andre Vayssaire, Camilo Restrepo, Victor Goitia, Judith Vila, Massimo Bonora, Jose Carballo, Repsol Petroleum asphaltenes are complex organic macromolecular aggregates which make up a significant portion of crude oils and source rock bitumens. While their detailed structure is poorly understood, there is general agreement that it closely resembles that of their precursor kerogens. In fact, asphaltenes can be regarded as intermediates between kerogens and petroleum in the natural evolution of sedimentary organic matter. These structural similarities enable using the geochemistry of asphaltenes in numerous petroleum exploration and production settings. In this presentation, we will discuss two of these applications. We will firstly focus on the application of the criteria for molecular kerogen typing to the classification of the macromolecular fractions of crude oil and source bitumen. We will then describe how pyrolysis methods can be employed to perform kinetic analysis on petroleum asphaltenes. The kinetics thus determined reflect the extent of the thermal stress which the source rock had been subjected to when the petroleum was generated. Furthermore, closed-system pyrolysis of asphaltenes can be used to derive compositional kinetic models that enable the prediction of the in situ bulk properties of the primary generated fluids. The potential of petroleum asphaltenes as a suitable substrate for kerogen typing and kinetic analysis will be illustrated with a case study from the Tarija Basin (southern sub-Andean zone, Bolivia). Asphaltenes were isolated from various crude oil samples and subjected to a series of non-isothermal open-system and closed-system pyrolysis experiments. These experiments allowed a bulk kinetic description of petroleum generation and the derivation of a multi-component kinetic model using the PhaseKinetics approach. Bio: Antonio Martin-Monge, Repsol Antonio earned a BSc in Geology and a MRes/DEA in Isotope Geochemistry, both from the Universidad de Salamanca, Spain. He has 15 years of professional experience, 12 of them in the petroleum industry. During his career, he has worked as laboratory technician at the Servicio General de Análisis de Isótopos Estables (SGAIE) of the Universidad de Salamanca in Salamanca (Spain) and at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) in East Kilbride (UK). Currently, he is Petroleum Systems Analyst at Repsol Exploración, SA in Madrid, Spain, where he is working in the central subsurface function to provide specialized technical support in petroleum systems modelling and organic geochemistry to units across the E&P division. Antonio is a member of the AAPG, European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG), The Geological Society of London.

Bolivia – The “ChaCo-Stack”: An Unconventional Resource Play of National Significance?

Authors: Chris Cornelius (presenter), Paul Clarke, Miguel Palma, Lech Powichrowski, Russell Sharp, Peter Turner, CanCambria Energy Corporation Bolivia faces an uncertain future as one of Latin America’s major natural gas producers due primarily to rapidly declining production from its large naturally fractured reservoirs in the Sub-Andean thrust belt. A position compounded by limited “conventional” exploration success over the past decade, a punitive tax regime, and precipitous drop in global energy prices. In order to help address potential reserve short-falls and support the country’s major export industry, a comprehensive study of Bolivia’s unconventional hydrocarbon potential was undertaken to help identify any unconventional resource that could be rapidly explored for, feasibly developed, and of sufficient scale to “move the needle” (multi-TCFE). Following regional screening and a comprehensive technical review of existing data sets, we identify an active tight gas/liquids rich petroleum system in thick (>2km) laterally continuous (> 100 km) over pressured (> 0.62 psi/ft) gently dipping (2°) “stacked” Siluro-Devonian siltstones and fine sandstones underlying the foreland basin of the southern Chaco plain, which we term the “ChaCo-Stack”. The scale of the play is comparable to many of the world’s largest continuous unconventional petroleum systems, and directly analogous to the super giant Montney resource play of western Canada. The presentation will highlight many aspects of the ChaCo-Stack, including structural and basinal setting, depositional models and sedimentology. The prospective in-situ resource will be discussed in the context of the region’s burial history, thermal regime, pore pressures, mud logs and direct hydrocarbon indicators, log analysis, mineralogy and XRD, poro-perm and MCIP, VR and TOC. Bio: Chris Cornelius Chris earned a BSc from the Manchester University and a PhD from the Aston University, both in Geology. With 30 years of experience in the industry, Chis has been Founder & CEO at Cuadrilla Resources, Technical Director Upstream at AGL Energy, Techncial Director at Evergreen Resources and Engineering Manager at NOWSCO Well Services Inc. Currently, he is CEO & President at CanCambria Energy Corp. at Vancouver, Canada, where he leads a team of industry professionals pursuing frontier unconventional resource plays in various parts of the world. Chris is a member of AAPG, SPE and Fellow Geological Society of London.

Source Rock Analysis of the Paja-Tablazo Formations in the Middle Magdalena Valley - Colombia

Authors: Andrés Pastor-Chacón (presenter), Oscar Romero, Miled Niño, German Pardo, Alexandra Delgado, Cristian Benavides, Karen Rodriguez, John Ortiz, Fabricio Combita, Andrés Fuenzalida, Servicio Geológico Colombiano The reports of the Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) on the prospective resources of gas in source rock plays (SRP) for the Tablazo Formation in the Middle Magdalena Valley (MMV) show values of at least 6.0 Tcf of gas. However, the identification of sweet spots in these plays require the integration of thermal maturity, TOC (%), clays composition, porosity, thickness, depth and free hydrocarbon saturation data. One of the aims of the Dirección de Hidrocarburos (DTH) of the Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) is to generate public knowledge about the geological parameters for the characterization of proven Cretaceous units with source rock potential. Therefore, in this contribution, we compiled data from the Banco de Informacion Petrolera (BIP), together with new data obtained from outcrops. We present seismic interpretation, well correlations, facies analysis, fracture patterns analysis, geochemical and mineralogical crossplots and geochemical maps for the Paja-Tablazo formations. We propose three structural domains based in seismic interpretation of the northern part of the MMV basin: The Northern Domain (ND) includes SW-NE strike-slip faults related to the Central Cordillera (CC) and minor deformation of the Cretaceous units; The Central Domain (CD) includes NW-SE transpressive strike-slip faults related to tectonic inversion influenced by the Central and Eastern cordilleras uplift and the Southern Domain (SD) includes N-S thrust faults related to the Eastern Cordillera uplift, re-activation of pre-Eocene faults and fold of Cretaceous and Cenozoic units. The Cimitarra Fault System seems relevant in the history of the basin, separating blocks of Cretaceous units with different depths, thicknesses and facies. We divided the Paja-Tablazo in two intervals (six facies associations) separated by a regressive surface: The lower interval includes the Aptian maximum flooding surface (MFS), which has good to very good TOC values (2%-5% TOC), type II kerogens, and ≤0.8 % Ro values; The upper interval is described as a retrograding succession with good TOC values (2%-3% TOC), type II kerogens, and ≤0.8 % Ro values. However, these values are affected by thermal maturity, evidenced by a transformation ratio (TR) of 0.95 for the Paja-Tablazo Formations. We mathematically restored original Hydrogen Index (HI) and TOC values for the Paja-Tablazo Formations, obtaining HIo values of 220-250 mg HC/g TOC and TOCo values of 6.5-12.1 %TOC. Based on the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis we identified several strata of the Paja-Tablazo formations with brittle behavior, produced by the proportional higher concentrations of carbonates and quartz. Through the fracture patterns analysis, we established that the lower interval has a higher natural fracture density compared with the upper interval. We concluded that the Paja-Tablazo formations, particularly the lower interval, have a good to excellent generation potential, thermal maturity, facies, mechanical properties, depth and thickness. Thus, making the ND the most prospective area of the basin, followed by the CD and SD. Our results might prove useful to the identification of sweet spots and future exploration targets for the MMV source rock plays. Bio: Andres Pastor-Chacón, Servicio Geológico Colombiano Andres earned a MSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. With 7 years of experience in the industry, he works as geologist at the Hydrocarbon Department of the Colombian Geological Survey (SGC) in Bogotá. Before SGC he worked for four years as Junior Geologist in Interoil Colombia E&P, an E&P company with assets in the Middle Magdalena and Llanos Orientales basins.

Top Seal Effectiveness in Bolivian Reservoirs (Spanish Presentation)

Author: Fernando Alegria, Shell Bolivia Corporation By analysing the hydrocarbon column height plots of the different gas/oil fields it is possible two distinguish two cluster of fields: the first one is related to small gas/oil columns which comprises reservoirs ranging in ages from Upper Silurian to Miocene in relatively shallow depths. The second one involves reservoirs which exhibit world class hydrocarbon column heights, being the Lower Devonian Huamampampa reservoir the best example in fields such as San Alberto, Sabalo, Margarita and Incahuasi, where the Los Monos mudstones controls gas columns greater than 1000m. On the other hand, there are structures where the Huamampampa reservoir-Los Monos seal pair did not work properly. Therefore, the wells that evaluated those structures found not commercials hydrocarbon accumulations. Huayco and Iniguazu are examples of this failed traps, which are considered as blown traps. To explain these presence or absence of hydrocarbon accumulations, we have analysed the depth versus formation pressure plots with the objective of determine the role of the reservoir-seal pressure regimens in the drilled structural traps within the Tarija Basin-Bolivia. We interpret that the small gas columns are held by capillary seal, which exhibit normal pore pressure gradient, while the big gas columns are sustained by hydrodynamic seals, such as the overpressured Los Monos Formation in the multi TCF gas fields from the southern Subandean fold and thrust belt. Bio: Fernando Alegria, Shell Bolivia Corporation Fernando earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia. His 30 years of experience in the industry include 7 years at YPFB, 13 years at Empresa Petrolera Chaco, 6 years in BG and 4 years in Shell, where he currently is Principal Geologist at Santa Cruz, Bolivia, responsible for prospect maturation and exploration growth. He is a member of the Bolivian Geologist Association and Santa Cruz Geologist Association.

Tectonic Subsidence Controls of Colombian Paleocene Reservoirs and Seals

Authors: Germán Bayona (presenter), Corporación Geológica ARES; Camilo Montes, Universidad del Norte; Agustín Cardona, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Medellín; Carlos Jaramillo, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Paleocene sandstones in Colombian basins are important reservoir units but their expected lateral continuity can greatly change depending on the type of basin the sandstones accumulated on. An often-used model considers a continuous foreland basin that extends from the Central Cordillera to the Llanos basin. In this model, continental sandy reservoirs supplied from the distal foreland basin connect laterally with marginal, tidally influenced sandy units of the proximal basin, forming a continuous sandy unit from the Llanos foothills to the Magdalena basin. This basin configuration, similar to the Paleocene tectonic setting in the Central Andes, also condisers that tectonic loading erosion and basin filling caused the eastward migration of the depocenter with no deformation. A second model considers that orogenic accretion and the onset of east-dipping subduction in early Paleocene time caused (1) the clockwise tilt of an active magmatic arc (Central Cordillera- Santa marta massif), and (2) the reactivation of former Cretaceous extensional faults. Three basins, rather than a single one, formed with different tectonic subsidence mechanisms, sedimentary filling processes and provenance. Therefore, deposition of lower Paleocene sandstones occurred within closed basins bounded by faulted blocks of different composition. In late Paleocene, shallowing of the subduction slab produced the eastward migration of magmatism and deformation as far as the proximal Llanos basin. In earliest Eocene, dynamic topography (long wavelength) subsidence governed tectonic subsidence causing the regional accumulation and preservation of mud-rich deposits as paleosols, which are the stratigraphic seal of the reservoirs, and the onset of accumulation in the Llanos basin. Bio: Germán Bayona, Corporación Geológica ARES Germán earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (1992), a MSc from New Mexico State University (1999) and a PhD from the University of Kentucky (2003). With more than 25 years of experience, he has always been an independent researcher and a geologist enjoying life. He currently works as researcher at the Corporación Geológica ARES, and as a consultant at Geocuencas S.A.S. Germán is a member of AAPG, ACGGP, ACCEFyN, SCG and SEPM.

An All-in-one Structural Suite: Thermo-kinematic Modeling Applied to Fault-related Anticlines. The Southern Sub-Andean System Case: the Borebigua Structure

Authors: Juan I. Hernández (presenter), Ernesto Cristallini, Francisco Sánchez, Daniel Balciunas, Andrés Mora, Richard Ketcham, Joaquín Nigro, Roberto Hernández, LA.TE.ANDES The evolution of fold and thrust belts requires time data restrictions to determine the rates related to the interaction of surface and deformation processes and to quantify the time relationship between the components of the petroleum system: reservoir, seal, source rock and trap. The sub-Andean fold-and-thrust belt in the Bolivian territory in general, and the Borebigua structure in particular, constitutes a complex multi-variable system in which the definition of time-Temperature (t-T) trajectories has led to new suitable structural conclusions.The Time-Temperature (TiTe) tools within specific software allows performing finite element thermal modeling applied to structural analysis and kinematic modeling, giving place to the possibility of working on both the structural and the thermochronological model at the same time. The thermochronological workflow is divided into four processes: 1. Definition of the thermochronological computing grid, 2. Interpolation process, where the structural reconstruction is interpolated in any number of regular time steps, 3. Filling of thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity and density) and velocities for all grid cells, and 4. Computing of the thermal state at each time in the reconstruction. Isotherms can be plotted, and synthetic samples can be defined to check the feasibility of a structural model and to predict time-Temperature variations at particular locations. In this sense, the software code permitted the development of the thermo-kinematic modeling in the Borebigua structure in the southern sub-Andean system in Bolivia, resulting in modeled ages and time-Temperature paths successfully matching the measured thermochronological data in the study area. Bio: Juan Ignacio Hernández, LA.TE ANDES S.A., GEOMAP S.A. Juan earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, and is a PhD candidate at Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina. He has 11 years of experience as geologist in structural and stratigraphy projects for oil and gas industry in the Central Andes (Sub-Andean System) for different companies in Bolivia and Argentina (2009-2020). Currently, he is Director and Exploration Geologist at LA.TE ANDES S.A. and GEOMAP S.A., where is responsible for structural and stratigraphic analysis, mapping, thermocrhonological analysis, numerical modeling of apatite-zircon fission-track data and (U-Th-Sm)/He data applied to Time-Temperature evolution (subsidence and structural growing time of fault-related-folds in the Sub-Andean fold-an-thrust-belt). Juan is a member of AAPG, AAGGP and AAS (Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología).

Tectonic and Hydrocarbon Comparisons Between Two Colombian Foreland Basins: Llanos and Putumayo

Authors: Paul Mann (presenter), University of Houston; Luis Fernando Pachon-Parra, University of Houston, GEMS, Ltd. (Colombia); Nestor Cardozo, University of Stavanger The Putumayo foreland basin (PFB) is a hydrocarbon-bearing basin located in southernmost Colombia and forms a 250-km long segment of the 7000-km-long corridor of Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic foreland basins formed by the eastward thrusting of the Andean mountain chain over Precambrian rocks of the South American craton. We summarize the tectonic and hydrocarbon characteristics of the Putumayo foreland basin with its larger and deeper cousin to the north, the Llanos foreland basin. For the Putumayo, we use 4000 km of 2D seismic data tied to 28 exploratory wells to describe the basin-wide structure and stratigraphy of this promising hydrocarbon basin. Based on seismic interpretation and comparison with published works from the southward continuation of the PFB into Peru and Ecuador, three main across-strike, structural zones include: The 20-km-wide, Western structural zone closest to the thrust front of the Colombian Andes that is characterized by inversion of older, Jurassic half-grabens during the late Miocene; The 45-km-wide, Central structural zone characterized by moderately-inverted Jurassic half-grabens; The 120-km-wide, Eastern structural zone characterized by the 90-km-wide, N-S trending Caquetá arch. Structural traps for hydrocarbons are more common in the Western and Central zones while stratigraphic traps are more frequent in the Eastern structural zone. The five mainly clastic tectonosequences of the PFB include: The Lower Cretaceous pre-foreland basin deposits; The Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene foreland basin deposits; The Eocene foreland basin deposits related to the early uplift of the Eastern Cordillera; The Oligocene-Miocene underfilled, foreland basin deposits; The Plio-Pleistocene overfilled, foreland basin deposits. Bio: Paul Mann, University of Houston Paul earned a BSc from the Oberlin College and a PhD from the State University of New York at Albany, both degrees in Geology. He currently is Professor of Geology at the Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, where he teaches, researches and supervises grad and undergrad students, and service to the EAS Dept. and other groups. He has also operated an oil industry-funded research group since 2005. Paul is a member of AAPG, GSA, AGU, SEG and HGS.

Andes Basin Research Symposium: Basin Analysis and Petroleum Systems (English and Spanish Discussion)

Moderator: Daniel Peña, Repsol. Participants: Antonio Martin-Monge, Repsol; Chris Cornelius, CanCambria Energy Corporation; Andrés Pastor-Chacón, Servicio Geológico Colombiano; Fernando Alegria, Shell Bolivia Corporation; Germán Bayona, Corporación Geológica ARES; Juan I. Hernández, LA.TE.ANDES; Paul Mann, University of Houston Convener Daniel Peña moderates a discussion with session presenters, who answer questions and share final thoughts to conclude Session III: Basin Analysis and Petroleum Systems, at the Andean Basins Virtual Research Symposium. Bios: Antonio Martin-Monge, Repsol Antonio earned a BSc in Geology and a MRes/DEA in Isotope Geochemistry, both from the Universidad de Salamanca, Spain. He has 15 years of professional experience, 12 of them in the petroleum industry. During his career, he has worked as laboratory technician at the Servicio General de Análisis de Isótopos Estables (SGAIE) of the Universidad de Salamanca in Salamanca (Spain) and at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) in East Kilbride (UK). Currently, he is Petroleum Systems Analyst at Repsol Exploración, SA in Madrid, Spain, where he is working in the central subsurface function to provide specialized technical support in petroleum systems modelling and organic geochemistry to units across the E&P division. Antonio is a member of the AAPG, European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG), The Geological Society of London. Chris Cornelius Chris earned a BSc from the Manchester University and a PhD from the Aston University, both in Geology. With 30 years of experience in the industry, Chis has been Founder & CEO at Cuadrilla Resources, Technical Director Upstream at AGL Energy, Techncial Director at Evergreen Resources and Engineering Manager at NOWSCO Well Services Inc. Currently, he is CEO & President at CanCambria Energy Corp. at Vancouver, Canada, where he leads a team of industry professionals pursuing frontier unconventional resource plays in various parts of the world. Chris is a member of AAPG, SPE and Fellow Geological Society of London. Andres Pastor-Chacón, Servicio Geológico Colombiano Andres earned a MSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. With 7 years of experience in the industry, he works as geologist at the Hydrocarbon Department of the Colombian Geological Survey (SGC) in Bogotá. Before SGC he worked for four years as as Junior Geologist in Interoil Colombia E&P, an E&P company with assets in the Middle Magdalena and Llanos Orientales basins. Andres is a member of AAPG and ACGGP. Fernando Alegria, Shell Bolivia Corporation Fernando earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia. His 30 years of experience in the industry include 7 years at YPFB, 13 years at Empresa Petrolera Chaco, 6 years in BG and 4 years in Shell, where he currently is Principal Geologist at Santa Cruz, Bolivia, responsible for prospect maturation and exploration growth. He is a member of the Bolivian Geologist Association and Santa Cruz Geologist Association. Germán Bayona, Corporación Geológica ARES Germán earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (1992), a MSc from New Mexico State University (1999) and a PhD from the University of Kentucky (2003). With more than 25 years of experience, he has always been an independent researcher and a geologist enjoying life. He currently works as researcher at the Corporación Geológica ARES, and as a consultant at Geocuencas S.A.S. Germán is a member of AAPG, ACGGP, ACCEFyN, SCG and SEPM. Juan Ignacio Hernández, LA.TE ANDES S.A., GEOMAP S.A. Juan earned a BSc in Geology from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, and is a PhD candidate at Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina. He has 11 years of experience as geologist in structural and stratigraphy projects for oil and gas industry in the Central Andes (Sub-Andean System) for different companies in Bolivia and Argentina (2009-2020). Currently, he is Director and Exploration Geologist at LA.TE ANDES S.A. and GEOMAP S.A., where is responsible for structural and stratigraphic analysis, mapping, thermocrhonological analysis, numerical modeling of apatite-zircon fission-track data and (U-Th-Sm)/He data applied to Time-Temperature evolution (subsidence and structural growing time of fault-related-folds in the Sub-Andean fold-an-thrust-belt). Juan is a member of AAPG, AAGGP and AAS (Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología). Paul Mann, University of Houston Paul earned a BSc from the Oberlin College and a PhD from the State University of New York at Albany, both degrees in Geology. He currently is Professor of Geology at the Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, where he teaches, researches and supervises grad and undergrad students, and service to the EAS Dept. and other groups. He has also operated an oil industry-funded research group since 2005. Paul is a member of AAPG, GSA, AGU, SEG and HGS.

Virtual Field Trip: Virtual outcrops as key analogues to Andean stratigraphy and tectonics in Colombia

Seismic Imaging in Fold-and-Thrust Belt

Author: Rob Vestrum, Thrust Belt Imaging In the complex-structure land areas of Andean basins, low data density and high structural complexity cause traditional seismic-imaging technologies to break down. The structural complexity results in wave-propagation complexity that makes it difficult to resolve the imaging of subsurface structures. Armed with an understanding of the local geology and in collaboration diverse geoscientists, we do our best to correct for the effects of near-surface geologic complexity to reduce exploration risk of subsurface targets. Whether we wear glasses or if we use a hand lens to see details of a rock sample, we see refraction effects in our daily lives. In subsurface imaging, the near-surface geology is the lens through which we see subsurface structures on our seismic images. The bending of rays—either light rays or seismic rays—is caused by velocity variation, so understanding rock velocities is key to seismic imaging. We get velocity information from the redundancy of the seismic experiment and our understanding of the local geology. We work to enter a postive-feedback loop between geology and geophysics. We can use our geologic understanding to build a velocity model that produces a reasonable seismic image. Our first attempt at using our geologic model to optimize the seismic image usually fails—after all, if we already knew the subsurface velocity structure perfectly, we would not need seismic data. We can use the seismic diagnostics to refine the velocity model. With each iteration, as more geologic features come into focus, the structural geologists can then refine the velocity model, resulting in further imaging improvements. Collaboration between structural geologist and imaging geophysicst can significantly improve the imaging of sub-Andean structures. Bio: Rob Vestrum, Thrust Belt Imaging Rob earned a BSc from the University of Alberta, a MSc from the University of Calgary, and a PhD also from the University of Calgary. His 26 years of experience in the industry include working in companies as Shell (1994-1997), Kelman Seismic (1997-2000), Veritas (2000-2004) and TBI (2004-present), where he currently is Chief Geologist at Alberta, Canada, responsible for seismic imaging in complex-structure land areas from the Andes to the Zagros. Rob is a member of Association of Professional Geoscientists and Engineers of Alberta, SEG and EAGE.

Maximize the Use of 2D Interpretations in Structurally Complex Areas (Spanish Presentation)

Author: Tomas Labrador Olarte, Emerson In structurally complex geological zones such as the Bolivian Sub-Andean areas, the scarcity of reliable seismic data, of good quality and resolution, has enough wells to carry out calibration of data, a high uncertainty associated, and constant reprocessing of the data to improve seismic images. These difficulties, as well as the high costs to acquiring information, has permitted create of a specific workflow applied to geological interpretations from the available 2D seismic lines that are essential resource for geological interpretation in structurally complex areas. Together with these low-resolution seismic data, extrapolate the information captured and interpreted from some wells, measurements taken on outcrops and surface geology data, as well as the use of theoretical models of deposition and tectonic deformation, represent the most of the inputs data that geoscientists have to use to carry out two-dimensional geological interpretations in areas as a Bolivian sub-Andean. From there, the generation and restoration of 2D balanced cross-sections, which will become the starting point to understand and predict where it is likely that the oil system has generated commercial accumulations of hydrocarbons. As with the electrical log information from wells that is only provide us information about few centimeters around a hole, it is possible to maximize 2D geological interpretations to infer that around of these, the data could be extrapolated to obtain a greater benefit when carrying out a local analysis. The result of this two-dimensional interpretations will be curves or lines that represent the magnitude, direction and dips of the geological faults, as well as the horizons lines that represent the top of a geological formation or a member of it, a specific geological facies, an operational target, or in some cases a geo body. Whatever case (horizons and faults), the result is lines made up of X, Y and Z coordinate points, which generally must be densified in order to obtain a greater number of control nodes, to be later extrapolated to the adjacencies generating information in different directions; This means that we will have a volume of data that will facilitate the construction of a three-dimensional geological model, as well as a geological grid that represents the main tool for populating discrete and continuous data. Bio: Tomas Labrador Olarte, Emerson Tomas graduated as Geological Engineer from the Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. In his 18 years of experience in the industry, he has worked as Reservoir Geologist at PDVSA for 10.5 years, Petrel Technical Support at Schlumberger for 1.5 years, and Geomodeller at Emerson for 6 years. Currently, he is Geoscientist at Emerson to South America at Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where he is responsible for geomodelling technical support.

Processing Case Studies from Pre-Andean Rift Basins

Structural and Stratigraphic Correlations Across the Northwestern Flank of the Venezuelan Andes: Implications for the Exploration of Gas Plays (Spanish Presentation)

Authors: Jose Nicanor Mendez (presenter), Johanny Chacon, Hugo Govea, China University of Petroleum Several thrust fronts along hundreds of kms of the northwestern flank in Venezuelan Andes, still represent interesting plays for hydrocarbon exploration. These southeastward-dipping thrusts formed after the Paleocene-Eocene foreland basin subsidence following the oblique collision of Caribbean plate with the South American passive margin, contain extensive correlatives Cretaceous units essentially to the southwest, between the limits of Venezuela and Colombia. So far, only one well has drilled a thrust nappe in this area, discovering the region’s gas potential (around 8 MMcf). The main reservoir is lithologically composed of tight calcareous sandstones and shales from the Aptian Aguardiente Formation. These rock packages are stacking in progradational parasequence sets related to an extensive shoreface that cropped out along Cretaceous carbonate platform during the passive margin deposition. Despite its potential, this area has been abandoned for almost 30 years after its discovery. In order to mature this area, we have integrated around 150 km of 2D seismic data, 3 wells, and outcropping sections to provide an improved structural interpretation and stratigraphic of the flank within an assigned area. In which an updated geological model is obtained, to guide tectonic interpretations and exploration programs in the region. In addition, these hydrocarbon plays formed by compressive tectonic are similar to those visualized in the deep Pirital thrust, eastern Venezuela, which are also significant oil and gas reservoirs Bio: Jose Nicanor Mendez, China University of Petroleum Jose Nicanor is a Doctor with 13 years of experience in the industry. He recently concluded his PhD in China University of Petroleum (East China), where he characterized a fractured and karsted carbonate reservoir from the Sinopec company. He has previous work experience in South American with Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), and currently is Independent Consultant at Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Jose is a member of SPE.

Multiresolution Analysis Applied to 3D Seismic Data in the Central Bolivian Subandean Zone (Spanish Presentation)

Evolution of Cotopaxi 2015 Eruption Revealed by Combined Geochemical and Seismic Observations

Authors: Silvana Hidalgo (presenter), Daniel Sierra, Benjamin Bernard, Escuela Politécnica Nacional; Jean Battaglia, Pablo Samaniego, Université Clermont Auvergne; Santiago Arellano, Chalmers University of TechnologyRené Parra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Peter Kelly, U.S. Geological Survey; Florian Dinger, Max-Planck Institut for Chemistry, University of Heidelberg; Charlotte Barrington, Nanyang Technological University Characterization of volcanic unrests and eruptions through continuous geophysical and geochemical monitoring is critical in order to have a better understanding of sub-volcanic systems and to allow accurate threat assessment. We analyzed the seismic signals and SO2 emissions of Cotopaxi volcano between April and November 2015 to better understand the link between seismicity and outgassing. Transient events detected include Volcano-Tectonic (VT), Long-Period (LP) events and Explosion Quakes, but also Ice Quakes (IQ) with various spectral signatures related to the glacier covering the volcano summit. To identify the different types of recorded events, we looked for families of repeating events. We found 4 characteristic types of temporal evolutions during the unrest and eruptive activity. An increase in SO2 emissions was detected by scanning DOAS few weeks after the onset of seismic unrest. SO2 emissions, up to 5000 t/d, and seismic tremor were observed until August 13 when a swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes preceded the first hydromagmatic explosions, on August 14. BrO was also detected in the plume during the unrest but exhibited a significant increase since the onset of ash emissions. Airborne in-situ Multi-GAS measurements of CO2, SO2, and H2S revealed that the plume had a low CO2/SO2 molar ratio around 2.5 and that SO2 was the most abundant S-containing gas. Solar-FTIR measurements of the plume detected a SO2/HCl molar ratio of 5.8 ± 4.8 and 6.6 ± 3.0, before and after the explosions, respectively. All these geochemical signals suggest a shallow magmatic source of the emitted gases. Glass chemistry of the emitted ashes indicates a homogenous juvenile magma having suffered an intense S-exsolution and degassing. Since November 2015 all monitored parameters have shown a significant decrease. During Cotopaxi’s unrest and eruption, multi-parameter monitoring has proved to nicely track the sub-surface processes and helped the choice of eruption scenario. Bio: Silvana Hidalgo, Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (Ecuador) Silvana is a Doctor with 20 years of experience. She currently is Director of the Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional at Pichincha, Ecuador, where she is responsible of monitoring volcanic fluids. Silvana is a member of IAVCEI and AGU.

Andes Basin Research Symposium Panel Discussion: Geophysical Methods and Interpretations (English and Spanish Discussion)

Moderator: Sandra Arevalo, Teec Solutions. Participants: Rob Vestrum, Thrust Belt Imaging; Tomas Labrador Olarte, Emerson; Thomas Fieseler; TEEC Solutions; Evanz Lazaro, YPFB Chacho; Silvana Hidalgo, Escuela Politécnica Nacional Convener Sandra Arevalo moderates a discussion with presenters, who answer questions and share final thoughts to conclude Session IV, Geophysical Methods and Interpretations, at the Andean Basins Virtual Research Symposium. Discussion in English and Spanish. Bios: Rob Vestrum, Thrust Belt Imaging Rob earned a BSc from the University of Alberta, a MSc from the University of Calgary, and a PhD also from the University of Calgary. His 26 years of experience in the industry include working in companies as Shell (1994-1997), Kelman Seismic (1997-2000), Veritas (2000-2004) and TBI (2004-present), where he currently is Chief Geologist at Alberta, Canada, responsible for seismic imaging in complex-structure land areas from the Andes to the Zagros. Rob is a member of Association of Professional Geoscientists and Engineers of Alberta, SEG and EAGE. Tomas Labrador Olarte, Emerson Tomas graduated as Geological Engineer from the Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. In his 18 years of experience in the industry, he has worked as Reservoir Geologist at PDVSA for 10.5 years, Petrel Technical Support at Schlumberger for 1.5 years, and Geomodeller at Emerson for 6 years. Currently, he is Geoscientist at Emerson to South America at Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where he is responsible for geomodelling technical support. Thomas Fieseler, TEECsolutions Thomas is a Geophysicist from the University of Muenster, Germany. With 10 years of experience, he currently works at TEECsolutions GmbH, Villahermosa, Mexico, as Senior Geophysicist, where he is Seismic Processing Team Leader. Thomas is a member of SEG, EAGE and AMGE. Evanz Lázaro, YPFB Chaco Silvana is a Physicist from the Universidad Mayor de San Andres (UMSA). In his 12 years of experience in the industry, he has worked at Petroandina S.A.M. as Exploration Geophysicist, at OSC-Observatorio San Calixto as Seismological Researcher and Seismic Analyst, and at the Observatorio Geomagnetico as consultant and analyst of terrestrial’s magnetics data. Currently, he is Exploration Geophysicist at YPFB Chaco, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where he is responsible for the evaluation and analysis of magnetotelluric and seismic data for geological interpretation. Evanz is a member of the Bolivian Physical Society (SOBOFI), and Centro Latinoamericano de Física (CLAF). Silvana Hidalgo, Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (Ecuador) Silvana is a Doctor with 20 years of experience. She currently is Director of the Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional at Pichincha, Ecuador, where she is responsible of monitoring volcanic fluids. Silvana is a member of IAVCEI and AGU.

Panel Discussion: New Horizons and Exploration Potential in Andean Basins

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Emily Smith Llinás AAPG Latin America & Caribbean Region Director

Diana Ruiz Vásquez AAPG Latin America & Caribbean Region Events Manager

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