Rocky road to success: AAPG member Simon Donato found adventure and much more – when he accepted the personal challenge of finding archaeological sites in the rugged and dangerous mountains overlooking the Strait of Hormuz.
AAPG member Simon Donato and his adventure science colleague freely admit they got “cliffed out” while inching along a limestone precipice – encrusted with goat poop and strewn with loose rocks – that measured 24 inches at its widest and eight inches at its narrowest.
Falling was not an option. The rugged limestone mountains of Oman’s Musandam Peninsula plunge 500 meters to the waters of the Persian Gulf. Carnivorous in nature, the fossiliferous Cretaceous age limestones shred hands, skin, even running shoes, on contact.
The Musandam Peninsula juts out into the Strait of Hormuz, a strategic body of water that stretches 55 kilometers from Oman to Iran.
Yes, the same Strait of Hormuz, where earlier this year, Iran’s navy flexed its muscles, threatening to block the passage of oil tankers carrying a significant portion of the world’s oil supply.
In the end, Donato and his colleague turned around, leaving the goat trail to the goats. They retreated to the peninsula’s ridge line, with its commanding views of the Persian Gulf, traveling along barely discernable trails left by people who had likely vanished centuries ago.
This adventure unfolded last March, as Donato and two team members mounted an “adventure science” expedition to the Musandam Peninsula – their mission was to investigate undocumented archaeological sites and to explore for evidence of paleotsunami deposits.
What, you might very well ask, is “adventure science?”
The concept was developed by Donato to solve and explore nature’s mysteries.
“Adventure science is about getting outside, exploring the world, and understanding nature in a scientific way,” said Donato, a Calgary-based geologist with Imperial Oil Resources who holds a doctorate from McMaster University.
Donato treads lightly, with a low carbon footprint, relying upon manpower to access and explore remote regions of the planet.
“Being a field scientist is not about being able to do math in your head – it’s about observational skills,” Donato said. “We’re a resource for data collection in poorly studied areas, primarily because they’re tough to get to.”
Adventure scientists, he continued, trade hiking boots for nimble trail running shoes, and can cover tens of kilometers in a day. Skilled at quickly conducting regional reconnaissance, adventure scientists pass their field notes, GPS locations and digital photographs to experts who determine, in the field or at a later date, whether follow-up scientific or archaeological investigations are warranted.
“The athletes bring mental and physical toughness, endurance, durability and speed,” he said. “And the experts coach the athletes to look for specific attributes or indicators.”
A Daring Challenge
A man on the run, Donato, 35, is a tall and lean endurance athlete. Last year, he bowed out of a 330-kilometer-long, non-stop mountain race in Courmayeur, Italy, after he sprained an ankle at the 150-kilometer mark. In fact, he pushed onward, to the 172-kilometer mark, before stopping to avoid long-term physiological damage.
Donato also is a man who runs toward a challenge: While reviewing a geological report by R.L. Falcon, detailing a 1971 expedition sponsored by the Royal Geographic Society of London to map the oil and gas potential of the Musandam Peninsula, Donato was struck by one of Falcon’s sentences:
“We were told of archaeological sites in the interior, but the terrain was far too mountainous to explore; therefore, we did not visit them.”
Unknowingly, Falcon had thrown down the gauntlet; 40 years later, Donato accepted the challenge. The Musandam Peninsula, a formidable natural fortress of rock with no roads and few inhabitants, was a perfect candidate for an adventure science expedition.
Donato, a Fellow with the New York-based Explorers Club, led “Beyond Roads: The Musandam Peninsula Oman Expedition” from March 5-20, 2011. The three-man expedition carried the Explorers Club Flag #71 to Oman.
The team arrived during the Arab Spring uprisings, and tensions had spilled into Oman. The initial meeting with the Omani boat captain went badly, and he warned the team: “Foreigners are not allowed to travel there – it’s patrolled from the air.”
The boat captain’s parting words – before he quit – were: “If somebody finds you, it’s bad for you, and it’s bad for me.”
Luckily, the team found a replacement who ferried them, their gear and 80 liters of water to the remote tip of the Musandam Peninsula.
High Way to the Danger Zone
Apart from falling, health risks on the trip included sunburn, dehydration and bites from venomous vipers, scorpions and camel spiders. The team carried a satellite phone for emergency communications.
Richard Rothaus was one of Donato’s team members. Rothaus, president and principal archaeologist of Trefoil Cultural and Environmental LLC in Sauk Rapids, Minn., confirmed that he’s not an endurance athlete – nor was he the colleague stuck on the goat ledge with Donato.
After an arduous day of shuttling 50-liter backpacks full of supplies and water – and climbing 200 meters with no trails to speak of, in 30-degree C temperatures – Rothaus elected to camp at lower elevations, acting as the resident archaeology expert while Donato and the third team member, Jim Mandelli, an engineer and elite athlete from Vancouver, British Columbia, conducted 50 kilometers of reconnaissance in 10 days.
Daily rations, per person, consisted of 2,500 calories, placing team members in a caloric deficit based upon their exertion levels. Each man had a daily allocation of three liters of water, which included cooking water.
Due to the area’s remoteness and a nagging concern that the boat captain might not return – the team was exploring a militarily strategic area without any official permits – water was rationed, at one point during the expedition, to 1.5 liters a day.
Arm Chair Archaeology
Using Google Earth, modern-day expedition planning involved “arm chair archaeology.” Honing in from space, Donato and his team scoured the area for geometric shapes – evidence of human habitation – discovering the existence of circular and rectangular buildings, stone retaining walls and long-since abandoned agricultural settlements connected by a network of foot trails on the high plateaus of the Musandam Peninsula.
One site, in particular, captured Donato’s curiosity: a circular stone structure and retaining walls, which Donato dubbed “the Machu Picchu of Oman.”
The view from space enabled the team to select barely visible foot trails criss-crossing the rocky, sand blown terrain, which Donato described as “pretty damn gnarly.”
“Good luck with finding a 500-year-old trail, on the ground, in an environment like that,” he said.
“Google Earth has changed everything,” Rothaus said. “It’s now the number one place to start for mission planning.”
In the absence of any recent topographic maps, the group relied upon Google Earth, as well as some old Russian maps and the 1971 geological maps produced by British geologists.
“Going in, we had absolutely no idea whether someone had built the stone walls 4,000 years ago or 50 years ago,” Rothaus explained. “There was no soil development, which led to an amazing level of preserved material on the surface.”
Rothaus has worked with geologists for more than 20 years, and has benefitted immensely from the “cross-pollination of skill sets.” Archaeology and geology, he said, rely upon the same tools to perform “responsible documentation in the field.”
Archaeologists investigating coastal archaeological sites, he said, need to understand the complex impacts of seismic events, climate change, sea level rise, sediment deposition, subsidence and ablation.
Forgotten Outpost
Oman’s “Machu Picchu” was the first of 20 sites – including several large villages – the team documented. A lost outpost in Omani history, the site consisted of a large circular rock structure measuring 40 meters in diameter.
Several hundred meters uphill, Donato and Mandelli discovered a grouping of 20 large rectangular buildings, most with walls intact and massive limestone lintels still perched above the doors. According to Rothaus, the majority of the sites investigated were built between the 15th and 19th centuries, and the pottery pointed to both Portuguese and Asian influences.
Several of the villages contained buildings with large pottery vessels in pristine condition. The team also documented cemeteries, cliff shelters, cisterns, agricultural sites, lookouts, signal towers and various walls and fortifications.
No ground was broken at any of the sites, and Rothaus believes there’s potential for significant discoveries through proper archaeological excavations, which could include carbon dating.
“There was such a unique ecological niche on the plateaus,” Rothaus said, “because habitation only worked when the climate was wetter and cooler than today.” The presence of cisterns and irrigation systems, he said, indicated that although life was tough, people farmed on the Musandam Peninsula before the climate changed.
According to Rothaus, it’s always good to have a dual-purpose expedition. The peninsula’s rocky coastlines – and a corresponding lack of readily accessible beach sediments – prevented the team from investigating evidence of paleotsunami deposits.
No stranger to Oman’s geology, Donato’s doctorate work involved three field seasons of studying paleotsunami deposits in the Sur Lagoon located 200 kilometers south of Muscat, Oman’s capital city.
“In the world of tsunamis,” ‘paleo’ refers to anything that’s buried and that we don’t have historical records for,” Donato said.
In the early- to mid-2000s, Donato, his doctorate thesis adviser and Rothaus worked on a Vibracore project, searching for sediments of “tsunamigenic” origin. The team mapped a laterally extensive shell horizon, greater than one square kilometer in size, which extended deep into the lagoon.
The five- to 25-centimeter-thick horizon contained numerous sub-tidal and offshore bivalve species, including many articulated shells.
The bivalve horizon they mapped correlated with an 8.1 magnitude earthquake on Nov. 28, 1945, which was focused in the eastern portion of the Makran Subduction Zone of the Arabian Sea. The earthquake generated a powerful tsunami, causing destruction in Pakistan, Iran, India and the city of Muscat.
Donato’s doctorate work demonstrated how low cost, geological investigations can be used – for risk assessment purposes – in coastal areas with a history of seismic activity but no documented paleotsunami record.
Your Own Back Yard
In order to protect the settlements from looting, Donato and his team haven’t published the coordinates of their study area.
However, they’ve provided all of the expedition’s findings to the Omani government.
“The good news,” Rothaus said, “is that the area is remote and it’s not under immediate threat.”
Donato has replaced his trail runners, which, by the end of the Omani expedition, were held together by medical tape and surgical glue.
He challenged fellow geoscientists to lace up their running shoes, to practice their art of field observations and to make new discoveries in their own back yards or in the most remote regions of the planet.
“Geologists are a rare breed, and they make good adventure scientists,” he said.
“We have an appreciation for the natural world and for landscapes, and we’re endowed with a sense of curiosity.”